Jewish institutional models no longer working
Old models of Jewish legacy institutions no longer working, say experts
The research and statistics are in, and the message to Jewish legacy organizations — those longstanding community institutions that historically have held fast to the status quo — is loud and clear: To be viable into the 21st century, the template must change.
Synagogues, Jewish federations and other organizations are already facing a perfect storm of societal shifts as the sheer number of non-Orthodox Jews continues to plummet and millennials trend toward a new paradigm of customization and personalization.
A new report by the Jewish People Policy Institute has shown that marriage trends in the non-Orthodox Jewish community reflect those of the general population, and are poised to have devastating effects on membership in traditional Jewish organizations. As the report by professors Sylvia Barack Fishman and Steven M. Cohen details, non-Orthodox Jews are marrying later and are having fewer children. Moreover, intermarriage rates are soaring, exceeding 70 percent in the non-Orthodox community.
Because marital status and parenting “is closely tied to levels of Jewish engagement,” and because the intermarried statistically are far less likely to raise their children as Jewish than the in-married, legacy institutions necessarily will be looking at a dwindling pool of potential members and donors.
Photo provided by Steven Cohen
“Like global warming, the recession in most forms of American Jewish organized life outside of Orthodoxy is already underway,” writes Cohen, research professor of Jewish social policy at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, in an upcoming paper, “The Shrinking
Jewish Middle — and What to Do About It.”
“Low Jewish birthrates combined with high rates of intermarriage are producing fewer non-Orthodox Jews with moderate-to-advanced education and cultural skills to allow for knowledgeable participation and leadership in Jewish life,” Cohen explains. Even if the future size of the non-Orthodox population remains stable, those non-Orthodox Jews who engage in Jewish life will decline, “with direct adverse consequences for the entire organized Jewish communal infrastructure outside of Orthodoxy.”
But low numbers is just one problem facing Jewish legacy institutions. The other is a rising demographic which finds little or no relevance in many of the services and programs provided by these organizations.
Needed in its time and place
The legacy institutions of the 20th century served worthy and definite purposes, helping Jews transition into life in America, developing the Jewish body politic, establishing the State of Israel and advancing the concept of Jewish peoplehood, explained Rabbi Irwin Kula, president of CLAL, the National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership.
“The role religion played was to help us assimilate in America,” Kula said. “That’s why synagogues look like churches. They were designed by the same architects. The building of the synagogues had nothing to do with religion; they were about integrating into America.”
But now that Jews have successfully assimilated, legacy institutions need to re-evaluate their missions, Kula stressed.
“We know from the data — the [2013] Pew study — that 93 percent of Jews are proud of being Jewish,” Kula said. “But the legacy institutions say that’s not real pride because they are not participating the way we want them to. And 84 percent of Jews say that Judaism is important in their lives. So, Jews don’t need legacy institutions to feel that Judaism is important.”
Legacy institutions must begin to “reimagine” themselves, Kula said. “And it’s hard for them to do.”
Many legacy institutions “almost certainly won’t and should not be” part of the Jewish landscape in the next 30 to 40 years, predicted Rabbi Danny Schiff, the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh’s Foundation scholar.
“It seems to me we are at an inflection point in Jewish life and that much of what was relevant in the 20th century won’t be relevant in the 21st century,” Schiff said.
“Many of the organizations that we have around about us right now are holdovers from 20th- century Judaism that will not be relevant and can’t be repurposed to the 21st century.”
(Photo provided by Jonathan Sarna)
The challenge to old-school organizations to maintain relevance is not unique to Jewish institutions but extends to American society more generally, said Jonathan Sarna, a professor of American Jewish history at Brandeis University.
“People are much less interested than they once were in broad, multi-purpose institutions like federations and so on, and much more interested in narrowly-based institutions whose purposes and success they can discern and measure,” Sarna said. “It’s interesting to look at because these tend to be new organizations, or sometimes re-created ones, and we are seeing one after another that are being specific about their purpose rather than trying to bring the whole community together as once was attempted by a big multipurpose organization.”
Specificity of purpose speaks to the millennial generation, agreed Rabbi Mike Uram, executive director of Hillel at the University of Pennsylvania and author of “Next Generation Judaism: How College Students and Hillel Can Help Reinvent Jewish Organizations.”
Photo provided by Mike Uram
Uram has spent countless hours talking one-on-one with hundreds of college students about their Judaism and the types of Jewish programming that interests them. Millennial Jews, by and large, want the same type of specification and customization in their Jewish experiences that they want in other aspects of their lives, he found.
“Someone described millennials as the ‘my way, right away, why pay?’ generation,” Uram said. “I’m 41 years old. When I was in college, we all got together in the dorm lounge and watched ‘Friends’ and ‘Seinfeld’ before we went out to parties on Thursday nights. No one in college is getting together to watch TV now, other than sports. They are all watching the same shows, but not in the same room. They are streaming them on their phones or on their laptops; they are binge watching, so they are out of sync with each other.”
In addition to a customization mentality, Uram said, research has shown that “millennials are the least trustful generation of any generation since Pew has been doing research, which goes back to the Greatest Generation. Generally speaking, about 40 percent of people of the Greatest Generation said you can trust people, and for millennials, it’s just under 20 percent. But at the same time, millennials are the most collaborative generation we have ever seen. So, it’s hard to square those things.”
The upshot, Uram said, is that “millennials don’t trust group think, they don’t want large, umbrella generic things. They want to be co-creators in their experiences and in what they consume, and they want to feel like it’s just for them.”
Seeking solutions
To preserve Jewish institutional involvement going forward into the next century, the community must first confront the challenges posed by high rates of intermarriage, according to Cohen. Community resources, he said, must be spent on increasing the opportunities for Jews to connect with other Jews, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will marry each other, have Jewish children, and engage in organized Jewish life.
“While the organized Jewish community has (properly) responded to rising intermarriage by investing in Jewish education (day schools, camps, Israel travel, campus activities, and more — all of which are linked with higher rates of in-marriage), it has never explicitly adopted a policy of strengthening Jewish social networks among adolescents and Jewish young adults,” Cohen writes. “Given the declines in Jewish social networks (fewer Jewish friends, neighbors, romantic partners and spouses), the act of bestowing Jewish friends upon young adult Jews becomes paramount. Building Jewish friendships ought to be regarded as a constituent part of Jewish education, and not just a fortuitous byproduct.”
Accordingly, Cohen urges the community to provide low-cost opportunities for Jewish summer camp; broaden participation in high school trips to Israel; field conversion-dedicated rabbis “to address the untapped market in conversion”; subsidize Jewish preschools and daycare centers; and lobby for pro-parent public policy with the goal of boosting the birthrates of middle class American Jews.
Perhaps just as important as focusing on the number of Jews, though, is figuring out how best to serve them in a rapidly changing world.
“The first challenge for the people in charge of legacy institutions is to be painfully honest about the services that are working for them,” said Kula, adding that both professional and lay leadership must look at the institutions’ products and services, one by one, and note which ones are becoming obsolete.
“They have to go through every little thing, including High Holiday services,” Kula said. “Millennials don’t have the nostalgic, sentimental ties to legacy institutions. They don’t need to join them to still feel Jewish.”
The large, umbrella “macro communities” constructed by legacy institutions are antithetical to the types of programs and services that resonate with many millennials, Uram said.
“Legacy organizations tend to favor macro communities — how many people can we get to join, or show up or become members or to donate? — when what millennials want is highly customized, small, intimate gatherings, that tend to have much more rigorous Jewish content,” Uram said. “One of the ways legacy organizations can re-invent themselves is not by making a binary choice between the macro model and the more micro customized model, but to find a way to do both at the same time.”
For many American Jews, legacy organizations are doing “deeply important, necessary work,” he continued. “You can’t blow up the synagogue model because there are too many people who are having transformative experiences in synagogues today, or federations, or JCCs.”
It would be a mistake, however, for legacy institutions to “pretend that what works for just 20 percent of Jews,” works for everyone else, he said.
Uram suggests that legacy organizations “begin to experiment with models that function in the micro community way, with customized, intimate, smaller Jewish experiences where the organization brings those experiences to people where they live, work and play,” while at the same time, maintaining longstanding services to those for whom they still resonate.
Following the “disruptive innovation” model developed at Harvard Business School, Uram invigorated Jewish life at Penn by maintaining Hillel’s legacy programming, while creating a second, separate organization designed to engage students who wanted a different sort of Jewish experience.
“We launched a second Jewish organization called the Jewish Renaissance Project that operates as a shadow brand [to Hillel],” Uram said. “Just like you have GAP, and Banana Republic and Old Navy, we thought, ‘Why should there just be one brand of Hillel?’ So, Hillel for us is what happens in the building — the more conventional Jewish stuff. And then we have three full-time staff that work out of the building, that don’t have offices here, that don’t come here for Shabbat dinner; their whole job is to go out and meet Jews with a totally different Jewish background, different Jewish experience, different Jewish needs and desires and to create stuff from scratch.”
The JRP has “created these little pockets of 15 to 20 people with similar interests,” he said. “They meet weekly and do Jewish study and Jewish leadership development. We pay them, and they create Jewish life for their friends. Jewish students who only came for the High Holidays and Passover now have monthly Jewish activities with their friends, on their own terms, with lots of Jewish conversations and Shabbat dinners, Chanukah candle-lighting — it’s real substantive Jewish life but they don’t have to come to Hillel.”
Uram is confident that this sort of model can be applied with similar success to adult Jewish institutions.
“The trick is, you have to forget about the institution first,” he said. “And what we found is that by saying we don’t care about Hillel, and by doing this work that is really personalized for people, they end up loving Hillel and feeling very connected with Hillel. And their parents end up giving to Hillel. The alumni of JRP have a higher giving rate than the Hillel alumni. It has opened us up to all sorts of fundraising potential.”
The bigger picture
For Schiff, the particular models of institutional programming will be secondary to the larger issue of discerning what Judaism has to offer in terms of contending with a rapidly changing world.
“It strikes me that what Jewish organizations that are going to be useful in the 21st century need to focus on are what are the great ideas, what are the great thought challenges that Judaism and Jews need to contend with in the 21st century, and focus on responding to those issues,” Schiff said. “I think it’s about realizing that we are, yet again in Jewish history, at a very different juncture that requires us to think as Jews in ways that will be responsive to the great challenges that are already with us and that will certainly be coming in the decades ahead.”
It’s having “relevant, important significant things to say about those challenges that will make organizations relevant. The really big challenge is: where is the core focus of human life in this age headed, and therefore, what are the things Judaism needs to say that will be important enough to galvanize people of whatever age to be involved in Jewish life?”
Schiff is working on a book on the direction of 21st century Judaism examining contemporary questions Judaism must address to remain relevant going forward.
“It’s pretty clear to us that we live in an age that is becoming ever more dependent on artificial intelligence of all different types, from the rudimentary — our cell phones — to much more sophisticated types,” Schiff offered as an example. “So just one question that we need to start grappling with is, how do we, as human beings obviously coming from a Jewish perspective, incorporate that in a responsible way into our lives that still maintains our humanity?
“If we don’t have any answer to that question, how relevant are we?”
More important than any one person or group’s answers to those types of questions, he stressed, “is that we’ve got to be grappling collectively with the issues we are really confronting. I don’t see that collective grappling. I don’t see the Jewish community seriously engaging with 21st century issues, and that’s why we’re losing relevance.” PJC
Toby Tabachnick can be reached at
ttabachnick@pittsburghjewishchronicle.org.
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